BACKGROUND
Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UASs) or drones have become readily available to the public with many technological advances such as high-definition and thermal infrared (IR) cameras, global positioning systems, and longer lasting batteries. Availability, affordability, utility, and simple operation have put drones in the hands of almost 1 million people. According to the United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the number of registered drones is increasing rapidly as cost declines and technology improves exponentially. Drone types and sizes vary from multi-rotor to single-rotor helicopters to fixed-wing types with the ability to easily control and maneuver in the air for hours. Drone regulations vary by country and jurisdiction. In the United States, drones must weigh less than 55 pounds at takeoff (including payload), fly within 400 feet of ground level, and the operator must be within line-of-sight of the drone. However, waivers can be granted from the FAA that exempt someone from these requirements. United States and Canadian jurisdictions have additional laws that pertain to drones in wildlife management. By 2025, 21 of the 24 Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies allowed the use of drones to count or observe deer not related to hunting. Drones can benefit mule deer management, but also bring many challenges related to fair chase and harassment of wildlife.

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• Publication Date January 5, 2026