From the Yukon Territory to northern Mexico, mule deer live in a variety of ecosystems across western North America where forests play an important role in their nutrition and survival. However, persistent lack of disturbance, primarily from fire suppression and decreased forest management activities, including forest harvest, has resulted in dense forests that lack the plant diversity and understory production necessary to optimize mule deer nutrition.

A product of the Mule Deer Working Group - Sponsored by the Western Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies - Approved June 2026 (replacing the previous July 2015 version). Produced with support from the Mule Deer Foundation (www.muledeer.org)

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