Available in a downloadable PDF version or hardcopies of this document are also available from your local State or Provincial wildlife management agency.
Abstract: In recent years mule (Odocoileus hemionus) and black-tailed (0. h. columbianus) deer appear to have declined in many areas of the western United States and Canada, causing concern for population welfare and continued uses of the deer resource. Causes of the decline have not been identified, but predation by…